国务院办公厅转发口岸领导小组关于加强疏港工作几项补充规定的通知(附英文)
国务院办公厅
国务院办公厅转发口岸领导小组关于加强疏港工作几项补充规定的通知(附英文)
1986年6月7日，国办
通知
国务院同意口岸领导小组制订的《关于加强疏港工作的几项补充规定》，现转发给你们，请认真贯彻执行。
国务院口岸领导小组关于加强疏港工作的几项补充规定（一九八六年五月十五日）
《关于加强疏港工作的几项规定》（以下简称《规定》）实施以来，对加强外贸运输的计划管理，加速港口货物集疏，提高经济效益，起到了一定作用。但在执行过程中，发现《规定》有些地方不够明确，为了进一步搞好疏港工作，经商得有关部门同意，现作如下补充规定：
一、为了维护计划的严肃性，必须严格执行交通、铁道、经贸三部平衡的月度运输计划。各提报单位报送的运输计划必须符合实际。凡是平衡后纳入月度船货到港运输计划的，在执行中发生计划落空时，对提报单位处以每吨五角的罚款。对确有客观原因不能落实计划的，免予罚款。
二、关于《规定》中用几项罚款问题。（一）凡集中到港的大宗物资（季节性商品除外），以年度计划的月平均水平为准，超过15％的，按《规定》对订货公司处以罚款。（二）凡没有年度运输计划，又未按有关规定办理追加计划而自行到货的，应按《规定》对货主处以罚款。（三）凡未按有关规定提报月度计划的，应按《规定》作无计划处理。属我方派船的，对船舶公司处以罚款；属对方派船的，对订货公司处以罚款。
三、凡计划内到船，并跨两个港以上接卸的，前一港船舶代理公司应按规定将船舶抵达下一港的动态，通告下一港船泊代理公司，并转报下一港口岸办、港务局等有关单位，对误期未报者，由外代总公司或外运总公司给予各自的船舶代理公司通报批评。
四、经交通、铁道、经贸三部平衡的月度到船到货计划，由交通部统一下达，并抄送铁道、经贸两部运输局及国务院口岸办。各港务局接到交通部月度计划后，要及时抄送当地口岸办、铁路车站、外运公司。当地口岸办以交通部月度计划文本作为督促、检查和无计划运输罚款的依据。
铁路月度港口装卸车计划，仍按现行办法办理。
五、月度运输计划是执行年度运输计划的具体保证。各港口、铁路、货主（代理人）必须各负其责，按月度平衡计划组织实施。（一）计划内到船，不能出现“超月船”，交通部要将是否出现“超月船”作为考核港口的主要指标之一，进行定期检查。对出现的“超月船”，因港方原因，由交通部通报批评；因外运原因，由经贸部通报批评。（二）要确保完成铁路月度运输计划。因铁路方面的责任未完成的，由铁路主管部门通报批评。（三）对违背定港合理流向的到港物资，除限额以内（杂货不超五百吨，大宗物资不超一千吨）的外，原则上铁路不予疏运。如有特殊情况，需经铁道部主管单位批准，否则自负经济损失。（四）口岸各有关单位签订双边与多边经济协议，是调动各方面积极性，加快车、船、货周转的必要手段，各地口岸办要积极组织好这项工作。
六、为保证计划内到船的靠泊装卸，要严格控制签订临时单船速遣协议。计划外到船不得签订速遣协议。各港口应严格按交通部颁发的《外贸船舶在中国港口装卸速延工作管理办法》执行。
七、《规定》和本补充规定中有关罚款的规定，适用于大连、秦皇岛、天津、青岛、连云港、上海、黄埔、湛江等八个港口。
八、本补充规定自一九八六年七月一日越发施行。
CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THEAPPROVAL AND TRANSMISSION OF SEVERAL ADDITIONAL STIPULATIONS BY THELEADING GROUP FOR PORT AFFAIRS ON STRENGTHENING THE WORK OF UNCLOGGINGHARBOURS
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THE
APPROVAL AND TRANSMISSION OF SEVERAL ADDITIONAL STIPULATIONS BY THE
LEADING GROUP FOR PORT AFFAIRS ON STRENGTHENING THE WORK OF UNCLOGGING
HARBOURS
(June 7, 1986)
The State Council has approved Several Additional Stipulations on
Strengthening the Work of Unclogging Harbours formulated by the Leading
Group for Port Affairs. It is hereby transmitted to you for implementation
conscientiously.
SEVERAL ADDITIONAL STIPULATIONS ON STRENGTHENING THE WORK OF UNCLOGGNG
HARBOURS
Since Several Stipulations on Strengthening the Work of Unclogging
Harbours (hereinafter referred to as Stipulations) were implemented, some
progress has been made in strengthening the planned administration of
foreign trade transport, speeding up the transport of the goods at
harbours and improving economic results. However, during the process of
implementation, some provisions of the Stipulations have been found not
clear enough. With the agreement of the relevant departments, the
following additional stipulations are hereby formulated in order to
further improve the work of unclogging harbours:
1. In order to enforce the plans, the monthly transport plans which have
been balanced by the Ministry of Communications, the Ministry of Railways
and Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade must be strictly
implemented. The transport plans made and submitted by the relevant units
must conform to the actual situation. In case plans which have been
balanced and incorporated in the monthly transport plans have not been
fulfilled, a fine of 0.5 yuan for every ton of goods shall be imposed on
the relevant units. If the plans cannot be fulfilled due to objective
reasons, no fines shall be imposed.
2. About provisions concerning the fines formulated in the Stipulations:
(1) When a large amount of materials (seasonal goods are not included)
have crowded into a harbour in bulks, if the amount exceeds the monthly
average amount in the yearly plan by 15%, or more, the companies ordering
the goods shall be fined in accordance with the Stipulations.
(2) When goods which are not included in the yearly transport plans arrive
at a harbour and, moreover, the owner has not made any supplementary plans
according to the relevant provisions, fines shall be imposed on the owner
in accordance with the Stipulations.
(3) In case that monthly plans have not been submitted as stipulated, the
materials shall be treated as goods outside the plans. If the vessels are
sent by our country, fines shall be imposed on the shipping companies. If
the vessels are sent by other party, fines shall be imposed on the
companies ordering the goods.
3. If it is necessary to unload goods from some planned vessels at more
than two harbours or more, the shipping agent company at the first harbour
should, according to the relevant stipulations, notify the shipping agent
company at the next harbour of the information concerning the arrival of
the vessels at the next harbour and instruct it to pass on the information
to the office for port affairs, harbour section and other relevant units
at the next harbour. In case of failure to pass on the information in
time, China Ocean Shipping Agency or China National Foreign Trade
Transportation Corporation shall circulate notices to criticize their
respective shipping agent companies.
4. The monthly plan concerning the arrival of vessels and goods which has
been balanced by the Ministry of Communications, the Ministry of Railways
and the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade shall be issued
by the Ministry of Communications, with copies sent to the Transportation
Bureaus of the other two ministries and the Office of the Leading Group
for Port Affairs of the State Council. After receiving monthly plans from
the Ministry of Communications, the various harbour sections shall
promptly send copies to the local offices for port affairs, railway
stations and foreign trade transportation companies. Local offices for
port affairs shall take the monthly plans from the Ministry of
Communications as the basis for conducting supervision and checks and
imposing fines on unplanned transportation. The monthly railway plans for
loading and unloading goods at harbours shall be carried out according to
the existing procedures.
5. The monthly transport plan is the guarantee for carrying out the yearly
transport plan. All the harbours, railway departments and owners (agents)
must undertake their respective responsibilities in carrying out the
balanced monthly plans.
(1) Planned vessels must not go beyond the month due to waiting to be
loaded and unloaded. The Ministry of Communications should take this as
one of the main standards in assessing the harbours' performance and shall
carry out regular checks. If planned vessels cannot be loaded or unloaded
within the prescribed period because of the harbours' responsibility, the
Ministry of Communications shall circulate notices of criticism. If such
cases are caused by foreign trade transport, the Ministry of Foreign
Economic Relations and Trade shall circulate notices of criticism.
(2) It is necessary to ensure the fulfilment of the railway monthly
transport plan. If the plan has not been fulfilled because of the
responsibility of the railway department, the competent department for the
railways shall circulate notices of criticism.
(3) For those materials which do not have reasonable directions of
transportation, the railways shall only transport amounts within the quota
(less than 500 ton for general goods; less than 1,000 ton for bulk cargo).
In special cases, the approval of the competent department in the Ministry
of Railways should be obtained; otherwise, the owners shall bear the
economic losses.
(4) The bilateral and multilateral economic agreements signed among the
various relevant units at the ports are a necessary measure to bring into
full play the initiative of all the parties and speed up the turnover of
vehicle, vessels and goods. The various offices for port affairs must do a
good job in this respect.
6. In order to ensure the berth, loading and unloading of planned vessels,
it is necessary to strictly control the number of temporary agreements for
sending back single vessels quickly. Such agreements must not be signed
for vessels outside the plans. All the harbours must strictly implement
the Provisions Concerning Administration of Loading and Unloading for
Foreign Trade Vessels at Chinese Harbours issued by the Ministry of
Communications.
7. The provisions concerning fines in the Stipulations and these
Additional Stipulations shall apply to the eight harbours of Dalian,
Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Qingdao, Lianyungang, Shanghai, Huangpu and
Zhanjiang.
8. These Additional Stipulations shall go into effect as of July 1, 1986.
诉讼调解是我国重要的诉讼制度，是人民法院行使审判权的重要方式。调解作为重要的诉讼机制，具有解决纠纷的高效、经济、公正、彻底和稳定等独特的优势。诉讼调解制度根植于中国的司法实践，并因为它有上述诸多的优势，被国际司法界称为“东方经验”。近年来，许多国家的审判制度正在不断增强法院调解的作用，法官失去当事人自主解决纠纷尤为诉讼制度改革的新目标。
一、提高诉讼调解能力的有效方法
作为一名民（商）事法官，首先应该提高自己的调解意识，重视日常的调解工作，同时，也要在实践中，不断地提高自己做思想工作的能力，也就是在实践中不断地提高自己的诉讼调解疏导能力。具体可采取：心理缓和法、矛盾疏导法、批评教育法、因案制宜法、直觉观察法、合力调解法。
1、所谓“心理缓和法”，是指法官在案件接手后，以平易近人的方法取得当事人的信任，努力创造一种融洽和谐的气氛，消除当事人的对立情绪。
2、所谓“矛盾疏导法”，是指法官在审理案件的过程中，当明确当事人之间的争执焦点后，就设法寻找双方当事人的弥合点，用真情换取双方的良知和理智，有针对性地做矛盾疏导工作促使他们摒弃前嫌，化干戈为玉帛。
3、所谓“批评教育法”，是指法官在审理案件的过程中，注意运用好首先评价的武器，扬善挞恶，对过错方当事人该批评的坚决批评，该教育的及时教育，使其认识到错误，转变态度，配合审判工作。同时也使无过错的一方感到法官是非分明、公正可信，增加对法官的信任感，最终促使双方在法官的主持下达成一致意见。
4、所谓“因案制宜法”，是指法官在审判过程中能巧妙抓住不同当事人的心理特征，研究其种种行为规律，用心去聆听他们的心声，像医生给病人治病一样，对症下药，区别对待，分而治之，有针对性地做矛盾的调处和疏导工作。
5、所谓“直觉观察法”，是指法官在庭审中善于观察案件异常情况，对当事人在庭审中有异常情绪激动的、曾发生过激行为和矛盾冲突的、对法院判决有抵触情绪的、由家属陪同来开庭的、一方起诉是出于报复心理等情况积极做好相关预防和疏导工作，从而及时阻止和避免矛盾激化发生。
6、所谓“合力调解法”，是指法官在审理案件的过程中，要善于寻求法院之外各方力量，形成合力，协同调处矛盾。在审判工作中，要妥善地解决问题，真正化解纠纷，光靠法官一个人的力量是不够的。
上述诉讼调解方法有一个明显的共性，那就是它们大都贯穿着一种心理学上的方法。从某种意义上说，法官如果能够尤为一名自如把握当事人诉讼心理的专家，那么他对案件的调解工作也就游刃有余了。
二、提高对几类典型案件的诉讼调解能力
民（商）事案件的类型很多，所遇到的当事人也各不相同，因此，所适用的调解手段和方法也不应是相同的。调解是一项观察的艺术，应当建立在对当事人的充分观察上。首先要善于“听其言，观其行，而知其人”，在实践中，我们针对一些典型的案件可采取一定的调解方法。
（一）针对群体性纠纷的榜样示范法
社会学家和心理学家一直把模仿看做为一种先天倾向，很多人都有一种天然的冲动去照样做其他人的行为。这种心理在审理群体纠纷案件中尤为突出，很多的当事人对法律知识一知半解，于是他们常常带着从众心理参加诉讼。在这种情况下，榜样的力量不可忽视。于是，法院先从法律角度向其中一位被告解释了诉讼时效问题，在该被告愿意协商让步的前提下，通知所有的当事人前来开庭，这不仅省去了诉讼时间、诉讼成本，而且无形中给予当事人旁听他人庭审的机会。
（二）针对婚姻家庭和相邻纠纷的舆论导向法
社会舆论在案件审理中有利有弊，群众的激烈情绪是无法压抑的，他们一旦接受了舆论，就会很快把它加以扩散，以致使舆论的形式与传播带有浓厚的感情色彩。当一个在生活受到挫折与困难不能解决的时候，其实也是她最容易接受某种舆论的时候，当舆论和个人的需要愿望相吻合，舆论的渗透力量就产生了微妙的转折作用。
（三）针对医疗纠纷的换位思考法
医患纠纷，历来是社会关注的焦点，而且近几年来，类似的纠纷越来越多。患者都是怀着对大医院的信任来就诊治疗的，但由于治疗过程很大程度上依赖于医务人员的技术水平和当时当地的诊疗水准，医疗行为本身又具有很大的风险性不确定性，一旦出现了病人或者病人家属无法预料的医疗事件，患者第一个想到的是医院的过错，而不是医学上不可避免的医疗意外。很多当事人甚至还出现幻觉、妄想，变得疑心重重，尤其医疗服务合同纠纷案件中，还牵涉到医疗事故鉴定等问题，病患者对鉴定专家的公正性常常产生怀疑，从而与法院的委托鉴定也对立起来。而医院在医患纠纷发生后，为了维护医院的名誉，针对病人的起诉，也往往立场坚定，坚决不予妥协。医疗案件的调解工作可以说是难上加难，一个用语不慎就容易造成强制调解的局面，所以我们法官就将调解的出发点放在让患者和医院进行换位思考上，从谈话中引导双方都从对方的立场出发考虑问题，解决问题，这样往往会收到双方都满意的效果。案件审理中，承办法官从原告自身疾病的焦急心理出发，不以案件的结案为目标，想方设法组织医院协调，解决原告的实际问题。
（四）涉老案件的倾听法
法官有时候就像医院里的大夫，要像医生那样学会耐心地倾听病人的述说，才能够找到问题的症结所在。特别是在办理涉老案件的时候。作为血脉相连的双方，老人和亲属或者子女之间的矛盾往往源于沟通的缺乏。这类案件是比较特别的，双方当事人之间超越的矛盾与诉讼中所表现的争议往往又不相一致。要解决这类纠纷，法官必须有耐心从当事人的琐碎的谈话中寻找双方矛盾的真正焦点和潜在的解决方法。特别对于其中的老人，走上法庭多为其所不愿，心中自然颇多苦水。这时候，法官要善于疏导，善于倾听，并且不带任何框框，让他把心中的积郁一吐为快，才能够对症下药去解决问题。对于这类双方之间存在亲情关系的案件，当事人心情清爽了，沟通也就不再有障碍，症结也就自然容易解开。
（五）二手房买卖中的穿针引线法
在房地产市场发展繁荣的今天，二手房买卖是民事争议发生得比较集中的一个领域，这类案件往往涉及买、卖、中介三方当事人。而由于三方当事人各自不同的立场，在审理这类案件中，三方当事人的利益往往互相牵制。法官调解就要从这种错综复杂的关系中寻找突破口，听取三方当事人的意见，综合平衡三方当事人的利益，从中找到最妥善的解决方案。
（六）损害赔偿中的心理暗示法
法律是公开的，每个人的理解程度却各不相同，法官作为调解的主持者，要获得当事人双方的理解和认同，现实调解结果的双赢，不仅要善于解释法律，还要灵活利用暗示的作用，暗示得越含蓄，效果越好，最终让当事人自己开窍，自己选择，从而恢复当事人之间的和睦关系，互谅互让，实现更高层次的社会正义。其实，庭审中法官使用的暗示方法可以多种多样，比如，语言暗示、行为暗示，只要调解时法官的用语有分量又有分寸感，充分运用暗示技巧发挥法官的个人魅力，平等待人，法官尊重双方当事人，当事人也就自然会尊重和信任法官，法官的调解也就会被当事人真正地接受。
（七）矛盾激化案件的冷处理法
对于一些矛盾尖锐的案件，强行判决或强制调解都只能取得适得其反的效果，有时甚至会造成矛盾的进一步激化。对于这类案件，不能急于解决，而需冷却钝化矛盾，再寻找最佳时机介入调解，案件就容易处理得多。
审判是一门科学，调解则更是一门艺术。由于每个案件细节的千差万别，上述的调解方法与针对对象之间并没有绝对地关系和关联，事实上同一个案件能适用到几种不同的调解方法这就需要我们法官用心去体会和把握，而这一点应该贯穿于我们的整个法官的职业生涯，因此，每个法官应该在实践中充分发挥自己的阅历、经验和观察能力，不断地实践、不断地探索，从而进一步提高我们法官的调解疏导能力。
北安法院 杨亚新
